nounpl: cognomens or cognomina
cognome
1. A surname or family name
The cognomen Smith is one of the most common in England.
O cognome Smith é um dos mais comuns na Inglaterra.
2. In ancient Rome, the fourth name of a male citizen, typically indicating family branch or achievement
Scipio Africanus had 'Africanus' as his cognomen, marking his victory in Africa.
Scipio Africanus tinha 'Africanus' como seu cognomen, marcando sua vitória na África.
3. A nickname or epithet by which someone is known
His cognomen 'the Brave' reflected his fearless actions in battle.
Seu cognome 'o Bravo' refletia suas ações destemidas em batalha.
The term 'cognomen' is primarily used in academic, historical, or formal contexts, particularly when discussing Roman naming conventions or genealogy. In everyday Brazilian Portuguese, 'sobrenome' is the standard word for surname, while 'cognome' appears more frequently in historical or linguistic discussions. The word carries an air of formality and erudition in both English and Portuguese.
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