cognomen

[kɑɡˈnoʊmən]
nounpl: cognomens or cognomina
cognome
1. A surname or family name
The cognomen Smith is one of the most common in England.
O cognome Smith é um dos mais comuns na Inglaterra.
2. In ancient Rome, the fourth name of a male citizen, typically indicating family branch or achievement
Scipio Africanus had 'Africanus' as his cognomen, marking his victory in Africa.
Scipio Africanus tinha 'Africanus' como seu cognomen, marcando sua vitória na África.
3. A nickname or epithet by which someone is known
His cognomen 'the Brave' reflected his fearless actions in battle.
Seu cognome 'o Bravo' refletia suas ações destemidas em batalha.
The term 'cognomen' is primarily used in academic, historical, or formal contexts, particularly when discussing Roman naming conventions or genealogy. In everyday Brazilian Portuguese, 'sobrenome' is the standard word for surname, while 'cognome' appears more frequently in historical or linguistic discussions. The word carries an air of formality and erudition in both English and Portuguese.
Synonyms / Sinônimos
surnamefamily namenicknameepithetname
Antonyms / Antônimos
forenamegiven namefirst name

Regional Variations

General Brazilian
cognome
Used in formal or historical contexts; more common in academic discussions
General Brazilian
sobrenome
More common everyday term for surname
Portugal
cognome or apelido
Historical term; 'apelido' is more commonly used for surname

Related Words

nomenpraenomennomenclaturepatronymicepithetappellation

Related Idioms & Phrases

to earn one's cognomen - to become known by a particular nickname or epithet through one's actions
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