heteronomous

[/ˌhɛtərˈɑːnəməs/]
adjective
heterônomo
1. Subject to or ruled by an external law or authority; not self-governing
The heteronomous regions had no power to make their own decisions.
As regiões heterônomas não tinham poder para tomar suas próprias decisões.
2. (Philosophy) Governed by external factors rather than by one's own will; lacking autonomy
Kant argued that moral actions based on duty alone are heteronomous.
Kant argumentou que ações morais baseadas apenas no dever são heterônomas.
3. (Biology) Depending on external nutritional sources; not self-sufficient in nutrition
Heteronomous organisms require organic compounds from their environment.
Organismos heterônomos requerem compostos orgânicos de seu ambiente.
This term is primarily used in academic settings, particularly in philosophy, legal studies, and biology. It gained prominence through Immanuel Kant's ethical philosophy, where it contrasts with autonomous moral decision-making. In Brazil and Portugal, it is most commonly encountered in university-level discussions of ethics, metaphysics, and law.
Synonyms / Sinônimos
dependentcontrolledsubordinatenon-autonomousexternally-governed
Antonyms / Antônimos
autonomousindependentself-governingself-directed

Regional Variations

General Brazilian
heterônomo
Standard usage in academic and philosophical contexts
Portugal
heterónomo
Same meaning, Portuguese spelling variation; commonly used in legal and philosophical discourse

Related Words

autonomyautonomousheteronomysovereigntyself-determinationagency

Related Idioms & Phrases

heteronomous will (vontade heterônoma) - will that is determined by external factors
heteronomous principle (princípio heterônomo) - a rule imposed from outside
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